Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology2090-078312220201201Maggot Therapy “Use of Fly Larvae for Treatment of Wounds”- A Review11010416610.21608/eajbse.2020.104166ENMohamed A.KenawyDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, EgyptYousrya M.Abdel-HamidResearch Institute of Medical Entomology, The General Organization for Institutes and Teaching Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Dokki, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20200516<span>Several chronic wounds require alternative therapy in addition to the conventional ones. Maggot therapy (MT) is one of these alternatives. MT is one form of animal-based treatment options known as Biotherapy (medicinal use of live organisms). MT or Maggot debridement therapy (</span><span>MDT) </span><span>is the medical use of live maggots for cleaning chronic, non-healing wounds or certain wounds that are not amenable to other forms of therapy. MT is achieved through maggots' secretion of proteolytic enzymes that liquefy the necrotic tissues and then feed on such tissues (wound debridement activity), wound disinfection (antimicrobial) activity and growth-promoting (wound healing) activity. MT has been used for centuries. Occasionally used since the 1930’s and early 1940’s and then in 2004, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved maggots as a medical device that has been prescribed for patients in more than 200 hospitals in the United States. This article presents a review of published articles on the different aspects of MT (mainly the past and current uses, maggots used, how to apply maggots for wound treatments, advantages and disadvantages, problems and adverse reactions and its application in Egypt) that serves as a guide to health professionals who may be users of this form of treatment now and in the future</span>https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_104166_b904c4d51271232ce8be7ac4c31f3c09.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology2090-078312220201201Influence of Low Static Magnetic Field (SMF) on Immature Development and Survival of The Mosquito, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)111810555910.21608/eajbse.2020.105559ENMoustafaIbrahimPhysics Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, EgyptMohamed M.BazEntomology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, EgyptJournal Article20200518In this study, experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the low static magnetic field (SMF) on hatchability, development, and survival of <em>Culex pipiens</em> mosquito immature under laboratory conditions. Egg-rafts of <em>Cx. pipiens</em> were exposed to SMF at different intensities of 5 mT, 25 mT, and 50 mT for 20 minutes at a temperature of 28±1 ºC. Hatching rate, hatching delay time, and larval development significantly affected by SMF. The numbers of hatched larvae decreased with increasing SMF at 50 mT (133.33 ± 6.0) as compared to the control (302.23 ± 10.9). Also, the hatching rate significantly lengthened (P < 0.05) with high intensity of SMF. A total of 88.3% and 44.33% eggs hatched at 5 mT and 50 mT, respectively. For <em>Cx. pipiens</em> immatures, the duration time shortened and survival (%) reduced after exposure to high dose (50 mT) than to low dose (5 mT). We concluded that SMF affects egg hatchability and immature development which could be applied as a strategy in mosquito control. https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_105559_761907db8f2ee87ea355f9f28cc7fc41.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology2090-078312220201201The Midgut Ultrastructure of the Sand Fly Vector, Phlebotomus Langeroni (Diptera: Psychodidae)192510714410.21608/eajbse.2020.107144ENSanaa A.El SattarResearch and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptBahira M.El SawafDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20200520<span>The midgut ultrastructure of <em>Phlebotomus langeroni</em>, the vector of visceral leismaniasis was studied by the transmission electron microscope. The midgut region warrants a special investigation since it is directly relevant to the development of <em>Leishmania</em> promastigotes. Observations performed on females at time-intervals following a bloodmeal were analyzed and compared. The epithelium of the midgut consisted of a single layer of columner cells surrounded by the basal lamina. Under which there is a musculature consisted of circular and longitudinal fibers. The cells were characterized by large nuclei, densely packed microvilli, and intricate basal labyrinth. The cytoplasm was filled with numerous mitochondria. Morphological changes occurred in the cellular structures during the blood digestion process. The peritrophic matrix was present up to 3 days after the bloodmeal and completely disintegrated at day 4 after bloodmeal. At day 6 after bloodmeal, lipid inclusions were few within the cell cytoplasm and vacuoles were depicted. At day 8, the area of the microvilli was greatly reduced probably due to reduced functional activity along with the end of the digestive cycle. The changes depicted in the midgut of <em>P. langeroni </em>during the process of blood digestion were comparable to those described for other hematophagous dipterans.</span>https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_107144_0f067555b0589bf7014b5131f470c7e6.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology2090-078312220201201Baldratia salicorniae – Salicornia fruticosa Interaction and Modeling of Their Habitat in Egypt By Using Maxent Technique274110829810.21608/eajbse.2020.108298ENSanad H.RagabDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptMohamedKamelDepartment of Environmental Basic Sciences, Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain shams University, Cairo, EgyptAhmed S.BreamDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptMohamed M.MoursyDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20200522 In some regions of the Deltaic Mediterranean coastal land of Egypt, <em>Baldratia salicorniae</em> Kieffer, 1897 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is a gall-forming insect that induces fleshy galls on the stem of <em>Salicornia fruticosa</em> (L.) L. (Family: Amaranthaceae). the current study tried to investigate the interaction of <em>B. salicorniae</em> with its host plant <em>S. fruticosa</em> in some regions of the Mediterranean coast and study the effect of altitude and vegetation cover on galls induction. In addition, to estimate the predicted geographic distribution habitats of <em>B. salicorniae</em> and its host plant <em>S. fruticosa</em> in Egypt by using MaxEnt technique.https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_108298_34b5313b10ccb48cf2078ede04f74a83.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology2090-078312220201201Fly Maggots as Bio-Indicators of Warfarin Poisoning in Rabbits as An Animal Model434811113210.21608/eajbse.2020.111132ENAlaaAbd El-GawadDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo 11566, EgyptMohamed A.KenawyDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo 11566, EgyptRawda M.BadawyDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.Marah M.Abd El-BarDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.Journal Article20200530Arthropods collected off the corpse or at a crime scene can be used to determine the presence of toxins in a body at the death time. This study was planned and objected at examining the possible use of fly larvae as indicators for detecting rabbit poisoning with Warfarin rodenticide. For this, Warfarin was examined in blood samples of an intoxicated rabbit carcass and maggots that were collected off such remain using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The blood of the intoxicated rabbit was positive<strong>.</strong> The maggots showed two different results: (1) Positive that may refer to the feeding of larvae upon the rabbit liver which retains the toxin for 90 days post-mortem and (2) Negative that may be due to that this toxin is highly degraded after 18 hours of ingestion while the maggots started to invade the carcass after 48 hours of death. The controls of both rabbit and maggots were negative. Our results confirmed the reliability of entomological specimens for qualitative analyses of the toxins. https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_111132_336ae9f48edb392adc8593ff6f3f1378.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology2090-078312220201201Ultrastructural Morphology and Adaptive Behavior of Leishmania infantum in the Midgut of the Natural Vector, Phlebotomus langeroni (Diptera: Psychodidae)495911314410.21608/eajbse.2020.113144ENSanaa A.El - SattarResearch & Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptBahira M.El SawafDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20200603The development of <em>Leishamnia infantum</em>, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, was studied by transmission electron microscopy in the midgut of the sand fly <em>Phlebotomus langeroni</em>, a natural vector. The suprapylarian <em>Leishmania</em> behavior was elucidated. The population of <em>L. infantum </em>promastigotes in the midgut was composed of several morphological forms that differ in cell shape, flagellum length, and attachment. Ingested promastigotes multiplied within the bloodmeal to small, oval, and slender promastigotes. The disintegration of the peritrophic matrix occurred simultaneously with the morphological transformation of parasites from procyclic forms to long nectomonads. These transformed into short nectomonads (leptomonads). The long nectomonads and short nectomonads attach to the abdominal and thoracic regions of the midgut in a highly specialized manner. The migration of parasites from the abdominal cardia occurred at the tenth-day-postinfection by different concurrently presented forms. These forms probably represent intermediate forms in the transformation sequence into infective metacyclics. Some morphological and physiological changes were observed in infected females compared to uninfected females. The pattern of variation was advantageous to the parasite, allowing development, establishment, and a continuous reservoir of dividing populations in the midgut.https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_113144_e8df0f038f8319866dcfcdc4623855d0.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology2090-078312220201201Repellent Activity of Origanum syriacum (Lamiaceae), Pergularia tomentosa (Apocynaceae), and Senna italica (Fabaceae) Leaves Extracts against Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae)616712849710.21608/eajbse.2020.128497ENMohamed A.M.ShahatDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt.Tarek M.Y.El-sheikhDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt.Kotb M.AmmadDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt.AhmedHasaballahDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, EgyptAhmed Z.I.ShehataDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, EgyptJournal Article20200613The present study aimed at investigating the repellent activity of methanol, ethyl acetate, chlorobenzene and hexane extracts from leaves of <em>Origanum syriacum, Pergularia tomentosa</em> and <em>Senna italica</em>against <em>Culex pipiens</em> starved females<em>.</em> Three doses were used (0.83, 1.67 and 3.33 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>) to test the repellent activity of selected extracts. The obtained results revealed that all tested extracts evoked a variable degree of repellent activity against <em>C. pipiens</em> starved females depending on the solvent used in the extraction and the dose. Potent repellent activity (91.53%) was recorded by hexane extract from leaves of <em>O. syriacum</em> at the dose of 3.33 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>, while, the lowest repellent activity (22.07%) was recorded by methanol extract from leaves of <em>O. syriacum</em> at the dose of 0.83 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. According to RD<sub>50</sub>and RD<sub>90</sub> values, hexane extraction from leaves of all tested plants was more effective against <em>C. pipiens </em>starved females than chlorobenzene, ethyl acetate and methanol extractions. Also, methanol, ethyl acetate, chlorobenzene and hexane extracts from leaves of <em>O. syriacum</em> were more effective against <em>C. pipiens</em> starved females than those of <em>S. italica </em>and<em> P. tomentosa.</em>https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_128497_e4182648059f1f741dce79ee5473057b.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology2090-078312220201201Effect of Some Plant Extracts on The Biochemical Parameters, AChE and GST Activities of The Mosquito, Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae)698012849810.21608/eajbse.2020.128498ENMohamed A.M.ShahatDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt.Tarek M.Y.El-SheikhDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt.Kotb M.HammadDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt.Ahmed I.HasaballahDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt.Ahmed Z.I.ShehataDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt.Journal Article20200616<span>The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the effect of</span><span> median lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) of methanol, ethyl acetate, chlorobenzene and hexane extracts from leaves of</span><em><span> Origanum syriacum</span></em><span>, <em>Pergularia tomentosa</em>, <em>Senna italica, </em>and </span><em><span>Otostegia fruticose </span></em><span>against different biological aspects of the 3<sup>rd</sup> instar larvae of<em> Culex pipiens. </em>The effects were examined on the biochemical composition of the larval body and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). </span><span>Based on obtained results, hexane extract showed</span><span>more activity </span><span>against 3<sup>rd</sup> instar larvae of <em>C. pipiens</em> followed by chlorobenzene, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract. </span><span>Tested extracts caused a modification in biochemical composition. The LC<sub>50</sub> of each treatment decreased the total carbohydrate, protein, and lipid contents as compared with the control. Tested extracts also showed a neurotoxic activity as evidenced by the inhibition effect of the AChE activity that was significantly (P<0.001) decreased. Stimulation of the detoxification system of tested larvae was evidenced by the promoted activity of GST as compared with the untreated group.</span><span>In general, </span><span>tested </span><span>extracts used in the present study may be considered as promising control agents against the mosquito vector, <em>C. pipiens.</em></span>https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_128498_db74a87265bf8bd7131e483b1af12e70.pdf