Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology
2090-0783
2090-0856
11
1
2019
06
01
Molecular Identification of Mammalian Blood Meals in Mosquito Vectors in Nile Delta, Egypt
1
17
EN
Abdelbaset
B.
Zayed
Zoology Dept., Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt
Randa
I.
Eltaly
Zoology Dept., Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt
randaebrahim2015@gmail.com
Emtithal
M.
Abdel Samie
Entomology Dept., Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
10.21608/eajbse.2019.28799
The degree of contact of the vector and the vertebrate host is an important variable in determining the vectorial capacity of mosquito species for the arthropod-borne disease. This study conducted in Monufia Governorate, Egypt, to describe the mosquito community composition and species-specific host-feeding patterns. Mosquitoes were surveyed over a 2-years period and their host-feeding patterns were determined in relation to species relative abundance by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)<em>.</em>This diagnostic technique was used to identify mammalian blood meals from female mosquitoes by sized DNA fragments following agarose gel electrophoresis. One universal reverse primer and five animal-specific forward primers included Human, Pig, Cow, Dog and Goat were used. Multiple blood meals from distinctive mammalian hosts were identified from single mosquito abdomens. Ninety-nine mosquito blood meals from four mosquito species were identified, 67.7% (67) were mixed blood. Both <em>Cx. pipiens</em> and <em>Cx. antennatus </em>fed on human and animals but feeding strategies differed from outdoors to indoors. Inside houses engorged female <em>Cx. pipiens </em>accounted for (94) 74% of collections and out of this, 53.8% fed on humans as single blood and 40% as mixed blood. However, outdoor, collected <em>Ochlerotatus caspius </em>constituted 7.1% of the collected females. Results suggested that, <em>Cx. pipiens</em> an important bridge of disease vector to humans in Egypt.
Blood-feeding pattern,Mosquitoes,Culex spp,host identification and host preference
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_28799.html
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_28799_9b5061a5e7e0eabe4d3918dd0b4566b1.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology
2090-0783
2090-0856
11
1
2019
06
01
Field Application of Honeybees’ Endogenous Lactic Acid Bacteria for the Control of American Foulbrood Disease
19
28
EN
Fatma
Mahmoud
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Shireen
A. M.
Ma’moun
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
mybaby20042005@yahoo.com
Rasha
M. A.
Farag
Honeybee Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Akila
M.
El Shafai
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Ahmed
S.
Abou zeid
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
10.21608/eajbse.2019.36658
The purpose of this study is to investigate a new applicable and promising treatment for American Foulbrood (AFB) disease in honeybee colonies. AFB is a very serious honeybee disease caused by the spore-forming bacteria <em>Paenibacillus larvae larvae </em>(<em>P. l. larvae</em>)<em>.</em> Five honeybee endogenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB), isolated from honeybee workers’ guts, were previously identified and tested for their inhibitory effects on <em>P. l. larva</em> <em>in vitro.</em> Artificial infection was accompanied by the administration of a mixture of the five LAB strains, two belong to <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em>, two different strains of <em>Lactobacillus kunkeei</em>, one strain of <em>Lactobacillus sp..</em> It was observed that the honeybee endogenous LABs inhibited <em>P. l. larvae</em> in an<em> in vivo</em> system. LAB mixture added to the larval food in honeybee colonies significantly reduced the number of infected larvae (P ≃ 0.000, p < 0.001). Confidence intervals analysis showed no significant difference from adding LAB to the food on first or second-day post infection and throughout the feeding period. <em>In vivo</em> studies demonstrated that LAB microbiota in <em>Apis mellifera</em> inhibits the bacterial brood pathogen <em>P. l. larvae</em>. The results pointed to new avenues for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of honeybee diseases.
Apis mellifera,American foulbrood,lactic acid bacteria,Probiotic treatment,AFB control
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_36658.html
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_36658_edc0bc1c069afd8386fef99e25e1ddf1.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology
2090-0783
2090-0856
11
1
2019
06
01
Seasonality of Insect Succession and Dog Carcass Decomposition in Different Habitats
29
39
EN
Mohammed
G. M.
Zeariya
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science (Boys), AL-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
zearia_2010@yahoo.com
Mohamad
M.
Kabadaia
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science (Boys), AL-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
10.21608/eajbse.2019.36659
The different collected insect species were distributed on the carcasses according to the decomposition stages or postmortem intervals (PMI). In the winter season, the insect succession showed that carcasses placed outdoor attracted the greatest numbers and highest diversity of insect species. The calliphorid fly; <em>Chrysomya albiceps </em>was first attracted to the bloated and decay stages. In both habitats (outdoor and indoor), the numbers and diversity of insect species on carcasses were decreased during the advanced decay stage and then increased again during the dry stage. In the spring season, <em>Chrysomya albiceps </em>was the first fly attracted to the fresh or bloated stage of dog carcass in both habitats. Moreover, calliphorid flies were disappeared during the advanced decay stage in both habitats. While Coleopteran insects appeared during the decay and advanced decay stages. In the summer season, the forensic insect species showed nearly the same distribution of the different decomposition stages. Also, <em>Chrysomya</em> <em>albiceps</em> was the first fly attracted to the early stages of decomposition. In general, it appeared that the diversity and numbers of forensic insect species, which colonize dog carcass, were increased outdoor and decreased indoor. In the autumn season, carcasses placed outdoor attracted the greater numbers and higher diversity of forensic insects. The calliphorid fly,<em> Chrysomya albiceps</em>,and housefly,<em> Musca domestica </em>were first attracted to the fresh and bloated stages, especially of carcasses placed outdoor. The adult beetles,<em> Dermestes maculatus, Necrobia rufipes </em>and<em> Hister </em>sp.were early seen during bloated, decay and advanced decay stages.
seasonality,Chrysomya albiceps,Carcass decomposition,forensic insects,Insect Succession,postmortem intervals (PMI)
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_36659.html
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_36659_65b898928f2c485f41156ad39501db78.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology
2090-0783
2090-0856
11
1
2019
06
01
The Abundance of Forensic Insects on Dog and Rabbit Carcasses in Different Habitats and Developmental Stages of Chrysomya albiceps as a Forensic Indicator
41
49
EN
Mohammed
G. M.
Zeariya
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science (Boys), AL-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
zearia_2010@yahoo.com
Mohamad
M.
Kabadaia
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science (Boys), AL-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
10.21608/eajbse.2019.38885
Eight dog carcasses and eight rabbit carcasses were employed in four seasons. The abundance of insect species collected in dog carcasses placed outdoor during the study period was arranged as follows: <em>Chrysomya albiceps </em>(1679),followed by <em>Musca domestica</em> (1151), <em>Dermestes maculatus</em> (417), <em>Piophila casei</em> (224), <em>Hister</em> sp. (117), <em>Monomorium pharoensis</em> (87), <em>Musca sorbens</em> (81), <em>Necrobia rufipes</em> (69), <em>Sarcophaga carnaria</em> (60), <em>Nasonia vetripennis</em> (59), <em>Calliphora</em> sp. (44), <em>Wohlfahrtia</em> <em>magnifica</em> (42), <em>Megaselia scalaris</em> (34), <em>Chrysomya megacephala</em> (31), <em>Lucilia sericata</em> (29), <em>Vespa orientalis</em> (15), <em>Creophilous maxillosous</em> (14), <em>Stomoxys calcitranas</em> (9), <em>Dolichovespula </em>sp. (9), <em>Cataglyphis bicolor</em> (6), and <em>Phormia regina</em> (3), while the frequency of insect species collected from dog carcasses placed indoor, were arranged as follows: <em>Nasonia vetripennis</em> (571), followed by <em>Chrysomya albiceps</em> (459), <em>Dermestes maculatus</em> (304), <em>Musca sorbens</em> (199), <em>Megaselia scalaris</em> (57), <em>Necrobia rufipes</em> (50), <em>Monomorium pharoensis</em> (40), <em>Hister </em>sp. (32), <em>Musca domestica</em> (31), <em>Sarcophaga carnaria</em> (21), <em>Calliphora</em> sp. (5), <em>Creophilous maxillosous</em> (3), and <em>Wohlfahrtia magnifica</em> (2). On the other hand, the abundance of insect species collected in rabbit carcasses placed outdoor during the study period was arranged as follows: <em>Chrysomya albiceps</em> (645), followed by <em>Musca domestica</em> (511), <em>Piophila casei</em> (238), <em>Hister</em> sp. (149), <em>Dermestes maculatus</em> (123), <em>Monomorium pharoensis</em> (123), <em>Nasonia vetripennis</em> (107), <em>Musca sorbens</em> (45), <em>Sarcophaga carinaria</em> (31), <em>Megaselia scalaris</em> (27), <em>Wohlfahrtia magnifica</em> (26), <em>Lucilia sericata</em> (9), <em>Calliphora</em> sp. (9), <em>Vespa orientalis</em> (6), <em>Creophilous maxillosous</em> (5), <em>Cataglyphus bicolor</em> (5), <em>Chrysomya megacephala</em> (4), <em>Necrobia rufipes</em> (4), and <em>Dolichovespula </em>sp. (2),whilethe frequency of insect species collected from rabbit carcasses placed indoor, were arranged as follows: <em>Nasonia vetripennis </em>(360), followed by <em>Chrysomya albiceps</em> (109), <em>Dermestes maculatus </em>(78), <em>Megaselia scalaris</em> (47), <em>Musca sorbens</em> (29), <em>Musca domestica</em> (21), <em>Monomorium pharoensis</em> (16), <em>Hister </em>sp. (8), <em>Sarcophaga carnaria</em> (6), <em>Calliphora</em> sp. (5), and <em>Cataglyphis bicolor</em> (3), and <em>Cataglyphis bicolor</em>. In order to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI), the life table of <em>Chrysomya albiceps</em> as the first and predominant fly reaches the carcass was studied on dog and rabbit carcasses placed outdoors and indoors. This study aimed to characterize the insect species present on cadavers and to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) by studying the developmental stages of the first fly arrive at the carrion. These data should contribute to the creation of a database of forensic insects in Egypt.
Abundance,Chrysomya albiceps,carcass,Canis lupus familiaris,Lepus cuniculus,postmortem interval (PMI)
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_38885.html
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_38885_482d0a17b272da11305efa392ffd76cd.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology
2090-0783
2090-0856
11
1
2019
06
01
Investigation on the Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Radical Capacities and the Reduction Properties, and the Measurement of the Phenolic and Flavonoid Compound Levels of Alcoholic, Hydro-Alcoholic and Aqueous Extracts of the Galium Aparine L. Plant
51
59
EN
Fawzia
Shahnazi
Master of food industry Engineering(M.S.c) of the faculty of agriculture and natural resources at Islamic Azad University science and research Branch, Sanandaj,Iran
f.shahnazi.2015@gmail.com
Razia
Shahnazi
Ph.D.Pharmacy of Medical science of Mazandaran University,Sari,Iran.
10.21608/eajbse.2019.39818
The polyphenolic compounds, in particular, the anti-oxidants with herbal sources, constitute an essential part of a human’s nutritional diet. The anti-oxidants are among the agents neutralizing the free radicals and prevent from the prevalence of chronic diseases and destruction of many nutritional substances. These compounds are also extractable from the <em>Galium aparine</em> L. plant. The objective of the present study is to investigate the anti-oxidant, anti-radical capacities and the reduction properties, and the measurement of the phenolic and flavonoid compound levels of alcoholic, hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the <em>Galium aparine</em> L. plant. After extraction, the total phenolic and flavonoid levels of the extracts were measured. Then, the total anti-oxidant capacity was evaluated on the basis pf comparison to synthetic anti-oxidants (BHA, BHT, and TBHQ) and cupric reduction method (CUPRAC). In final, the anti-radical properties of the extracts and the ferric reducing power of the extracts were measured comparatively. The obtained results of the investigation represented that the highest amount of the total phenol for the aqueous extract equaled to 91.5641 ± 0.035 micrograms of Gallic acid per ml of extract, and the highest amount of flavonoid for an alcoholic extract equaled to 363.733±2.186 micrograms of Quercetin per ml of extract. The results of the comparative assay of the common anti-oxidants represented that the highest anti-oxidant capacity pertained to TBHQ with a level of 1.0211 micrograms per ml, and among the extracts, the highest amount pertained to the aqueous extract (0.1742 micrograms per ml). Comparison between the averages of the main treatments of anti-oxidants in terms of the total anti-oxidant capacity based on CUPRAC method represented that the highest amount pertained to the alcoholic extract (0.3814 micrograms per ml). The highest inhibitory power in the DPPH test pertained to TBHQ and alcoholic extract with amounts of 96.0696 and 96 micrograms per ml respectively. The highest amount for TBHQ in the total reduction test was obtained 2.0590 micrograms per ml. In the results of HPLC spectrum, the highest flavonoid compound of Quercetin type pertained to hydro-alcoholic extract with an amount of 6.681±0.03 mg/L of extract, and the lowest flavonoid compound of Quercetin type pertained to aqueous extract with an amount of 2.2401±0.04 mg/L of extract. According to the examined results, the <em>Galium aparine</em> L. plant having high anti-oxidant properties may be used as a natural anti-oxidant based on different methods. In this regard, the ethanolic extract has the highest efficiency.
Galium aparine L,Anti-oxidant,Polyphenol,flavonoid,anti-radical
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_39818.html
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_39818_c6d1f73d545a5502417de24e02f567cc.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology
2090-0783
2090-0856
11
1
2019
06
01
A new Report of Parasitic Nematodes (Thelastomatidae) in Egyptian Cockroaches, Polyphaga aegyptiaca (Dictyoptera: Polyphagidae) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.
61
75
EN
Enas
E.
Nasr
Dept. Zool., Fac. Sci., Zagzig Univ., Egypt
en_egy@yahoo.com
Abd-Allah
Al Hoot
Dept. Zool., Fac. Sci., Zagzig Univ., Egypt
Hesham
M.
Sharaf
Dept. Zool., Fac. Sci., Zagzig Univ., Egypt
Salam
S.
Teleb
Dept. Zool., Fac. Sci., Zagzig Univ., Egypt
10.21608/eajbse.2019.43251
There are many reports about thelastomatid parasitic nematode isolated from different species of cockroaches in many countries, without any clear information about those nematodes that are associated with <em>Polyphaga aegyptiaca</em> until now, so we have examined the nematodes were recovered from <em>P. aegyptiaca</em> and collected from Sharkia Gov., Egypt. <em>Hammerschmidtiella diesingi</em> and <em>Leidynema appendiculata</em> were found with the high infection rates in <em>P. aegyptiaca.</em> The results indicated that the prevalence of cockroaches infected with <em>H. diesingi</em> alone or integrated with another species was (51%), similarly, <em>L. appendiculata</em> was (65%) from total cockroaches. The mean intensity of <em>L. appendiculata</em> was higher than <em>H. diesingi</em> the current of cockroaches. The gravid females of both <em>H. diesingi</em> and <em>L. appendiculata</em> were also higher than of any other stage of nematodes. Finally, using light and electron microscope, in order to identify and determine the morphological characteristics of both species of nematode. Results also indicated that SEM is a powerful tool to identify the morphological characteristics such as head, female cephalic region, vulva, tail, anus, male cloaca area and papillae.
Nematode,Hammerschmidtiella diesingi,Leidynema appendiculata,cockroach,Polyphaga aegyptiaca,prevalence,intensity,Morphology
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_43251.html
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_43251_fa367fad1fbdd879d916c386d2c4fd14.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology
2090-0783
2090-0856
11
1
2019
06
01
Extraction and Detection of Domestic Pig DNA from Sarcophaga carnaria Linnaeus and Chrysomya albiceps Wiedemann Larval Crops Fed on Deceased Pig Remains
77
84
EN
Mostafa
I.
Hassan
Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
mostafa012@gmail.com
Ahmed
S.
Bream
Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
Ahmed
M.
Galal El-Di
Forensic Investigation Laboratory, Ministry of Interior, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
Mohammad
R. K.
Abdel-Samad
Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
Eslam
S.
Metwaly
Forensic Investigation Laboratory, Ministry of Interior, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
10.21608/eajbse.2019.44737
In order to investigate the possibility of detecting host DNA isolated from larval crops and the effect of time elapse during digestion, the present study was carried out. Domestic pig cadaver was used as a case study model instead of real human corpse tissue by collecting of 3<sup>rd</sup> instar larvae post-feeding and starving during24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The identification of DNA extracted from pig tissues and from <em>Sarcophaga carnaria</em> Linnaeus and <em>Chrysomya albiceps</em> Wiedemann larval crops fed on deceased pig remains were carried out using PCR. The detection of DNA bands in the larvae of the two dipteran species was carried out by using Gel electrophoresis. Results showed that the extracted DNA from larval crops of the two fly species was identical to that extracted directly from domestic pig decaying tissues. In addition, the PCR specifically amplified the domestic pig mtDNA<em> cyt b </em>gene with 203 bp amplicons. Results also showed that DNA could be clearly detected within approximately 72h after the removal of larvae from pig corpse, suggesting reliable consecration of insects as valuable evidence in crime scenes. These results are useful for further consideration of the estimation of postmortem intervals (PMI) by the aid of forensic entomology.
Detecting host DNA,Domestic Pig DNA,Sarcophaga carnaria Linnaeus and Chrysomya albiceps Wiedemann
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_44737.html
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_44737_94e6bbbc9732d47532521dcbf30ffba1.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology
2090-0783
2090-0856
11
1
2019
06
01
Comparative Investigation of the Levels of BDNF and NGF Genes Expressions in the Brains of Male and Female Newborn Methimazole-Induced hypothyroidism in NMRI mice
85
91
EN
Hamidreza
Adeli
Behrooz
Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Kazem
parivar
Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
kazem_parivar@yahoo.com
Iraj
Amiri
Anatomy and Embryology Department, Medical School, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
Nasim
Hayati
Roodbari
Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
10.21608/eajbse.2019.48217
One of the endocrine glands that play a significant role in the development of the prenatal brain is Thyroid. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the levels of BDNF and NGF gene expressions in the brains of male and female babies born on the first day methimazole-induced hypothyroidism Mice with NMRI race. In this study, 30 mature mice of Albino NMRI race were selected. Mice (Albino NMRI) were identified using after mating. In the next stage, we divided mice into three groups (high-dose intervention, low-dose intervention and control groups). Pure water was given during pregnancy to the control group. In the low dose group until the end of pregnancy given 20 mg of methimazole that dissolved in 100 cc of water. Also, in the high-dose group during period pregnancy until the end, they were given 100 mg of methimazole that dissolved in 100 cc of water. After the end of pregnancy, blood samples were taken from the mother's mice to determine the amount of T3 and T4 present in the bloodstream. In the end stage, the brain of one-day mice was removed and to determine the expression of BDNF, NGF we used to RT-PCR. According to the result this study, amount of T4 and T3 in the control group and low dose (27 and 1.59 ng/dl, and 8 and 0.87 ng/dl), respectively indicating a significant reduction in the expression of NT4, NT3, NGF and BDNF gene (P<0.05). Based on result of this study, between the high dose and control group there was significant relationship reduction in the expression (P<0.05).
Mice,hypothyroidism,methimazole,BDNF,NGF,NMRI race
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_48217.html
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_48217_a33eab018764bdc299d172074043532c.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology
2090-0783
2090-0856
11
1
2019
07
19
Biochemical Changes in Both Adults and the 4th Instar Larvae of Sand Fly, Phlebotomus papatasi as Indicators for Tolerance to Insecticides at Sharkia Governorate
93
109
EN
Rehab
E.M.E.
Salem
Plant Prot. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig Univ., Egypt
yrhab5455@gmail.com
10.21608/eajbse.2019.216982
Sandfly, <em>Phlebotomus papatasi</em>Scopoli was considered one of the dangerous medical insects that transmits a lot of diseases such as Leishmaniasis disease around the world. In Egypt, synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphorous insecticides were the main chemicals control methods for <em>P. papatasi</em><strong>. </strong>So, the samples of adults and 4<sup>th</sup> larvae were collected from two different localities (10<sup>th</sup> of Ramadan city and Al- Quareen city), in addition, lab. strain. The common insecticides used synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin) and organophosphorous (chlorpyrifos and malathion) and diagnosed this tolerance biochemically. Respecting the biochemical diagnoses, electrophoresis protein separation utilizing sodium dodecyl sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), some target and detoxifying enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), general esterases (GES), cytochrome-P450 (C-450), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)} were characterized. Also, (amylase, invertase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and total lipids) were determined. The obtained results showed that the 4<sup>th</sup> larvae of <em>P</em>.<em> papatasi</em> collected from the 10<sup>th</sup> of Ramadan locality was the most tolerant to cholorpyrifos (2.79- fold), deltamethrin (2.21- fold), malathion (1.76- fold) and lambda-cyhalothrin (1.16- fold) compared with the laboratory strain, while in adults the most tolerant was lambda-cyhalothrin (2.81-fold), cholorpyrifos (2.16-fold), deltamethrin (1.65-fold) and malathion (1.43). It was observed that there was a significant difference between the insect populations, the presence of different proteins bands in 10<sup>th</sup> of Ramadan population tolerant to these insecticides, followed by Al-Quareen city population compared with laboratory strain. Regarding the target and metabolic enzymes, data found that there wasa highly significant increase in these metabolic enzymes activities (GES, P-450 and GST) in 10<sup>th</sup> of Ramadan locality, followed by Al- Quareen locality compared with laboratory strain in adults and larvae, while, other biochemical constituents, Total lipids, trehalase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, amylase, invertase activities and their roles in energies for larvae and adults of <em>P. papatasi</em> showed a reduction. Generally, the results showed that there was a highly significant reduction in most of these energies enzymes.So, the current study recommended avoiding intensive insecticides used and randomly used, which led to increasing insecticides tolerance/ insecticides development in these the dangerous medical pests transmitting the epidemic diseases and human disaster.
tolerance,Insecticides,biochemical characterization,Sandfly,Phlebotomus papatasi
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_216982.html
https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/article_216982_a780dc4b80d72afc92d60f941fe725d1.pdf